From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Apophenia is the experience of seeing patterns or connections in random or meaningless data. The term was coined in 1958 by Klaus Conrad, who defined it as the "unmotivated seeing of connections" accompanied by a "specific experience of an abnormal meaningfulness".
Conrad originally described this phenomenon in relation to the distortion of reality present in psychosis, but it has become more widely used to describe this tendency in healthy individuals without necessarily implying the presence of neurological or mental illness.
In statistics, apophenia would be classed as a Type I error (False Alarm). Apophenia is often used as an explanation of paranormal and religious claims. It has been suggested that apophenia is a link between psychosis and creativity.
Postmodern novelists and film-makers have reflected on apophenia-related phenomena, such as paranoid narrativization or fuzzy plotting (e.g. Nabokov, "Signs and Symbols"; Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49; Eco, The Name of the Rose; Gibson, Pattern Recognition; Conspiracy Theory (film)). As narrative is one of our major cognitive instruments for structuring reality, there is some common ground between apophenia and narrative fallacies such as hindsight bias. As pattern recognition may be related to plans, goals, and ideology, and may be a matter of group ideology rather than a matter of solitary delusion, the interpreter attempting to diagnose or identify apophenia may have to face a conflict of interpretations.
Apophenia is the experience of seeing patterns or connections in random or meaningless data. The term was coined in 1958 by Klaus Conrad, who defined it as the "unmotivated seeing of connections" accompanied by a "specific experience of an abnormal meaningfulness".
Conrad originally described this phenomenon in relation to the distortion of reality present in psychosis, but it has become more widely used to describe this tendency in healthy individuals without necessarily implying the presence of neurological or mental illness.
In statistics, apophenia would be classed as a Type I error (False Alarm). Apophenia is often used as an explanation of paranormal and religious claims. It has been suggested that apophenia is a link between psychosis and creativity.
Postmodern novelists and film-makers have reflected on apophenia-related phenomena, such as paranoid narrativization or fuzzy plotting (e.g. Nabokov, "Signs and Symbols"; Pynchon, The Crying of Lot 49; Eco, The Name of the Rose; Gibson, Pattern Recognition; Conspiracy Theory (film)). As narrative is one of our major cognitive instruments for structuring reality, there is some common ground between apophenia and narrative fallacies such as hindsight bias. As pattern recognition may be related to plans, goals, and ideology, and may be a matter of group ideology rather than a matter of solitary delusion, the interpreter attempting to diagnose or identify apophenia may have to face a conflict of interpretations.
En este artículo de la Wikipedia he añadido hoy el último párrafo, así como las referencias al hindsight bias, a la narrativización, a la interpretación y a Pattern Recognition de William Gibson. La palabra "apophenia" (apofenia, aunque no figura ni en el OED ni en el Diccionario de la Academia) la encontré en esta novela, cito (del capítulo "Apophenia"), cuando la heroína se pregunta si hay argumento en los fragmentos de narración que va reuniendo o si la apariencia de orden argumental es una ilusión:
Apophenia. She stares blankly into the cold, beautifully illuminated interior of Damien’s German fridge. What if the sense of nascent meaning they all perceive in the footage is simply that: an illusion of meaningfulness, faulty pattern recognition? She’s been over this with Parkaboy and he’s taken it places (the neuromechanics of hallucination, August Strindberg’s personal account of his psychotic break, and a peak drug experience during his teens in which he, Parkaboy, had felt himself to be ’channeling some kind of Linear B angelic machine language’), none of which have really helped. (New York: Berkley Books, 2004, p. 115)
Es un fenómeno muy parecido a uno que describe Nabokov, que aqueja al protagonista de su relato "Signs and Symbols". Allí se le llama "referential mania":
In these very rare cases the patient imagines that everything happening around him is a veiled reference to his personality and existence. He excludes real people from the conspiracy - because he considers himself to be so much more intelligent than other men. Phenomenal nature shadows him wherever he goes. Clouds in the staring sky transmit to one another, by means of slow signs, incredibly detailed information regarding him. His inmost thoughts are discussed at nightfall, in manual alphabet, by darkly gesticulating trees. Pebbles or sun flecks form patterns representing in some awful way messages which he must interpret. Everything is a cipher and of everything he is the theme. He must be always on his guard and devote every minute and module of life to the decoding of the undulation of things. The very air he exhales is indexed and filed away. If the only interest he provokes were limited to his immediate surroundings - but alas it is not! With distance the torrents of wild scandal increase in volume and volubility. The silhouettes of his blood corpuscles, magnified a million times, flit over vast plains; and still farther, great mountains of unbearable solidity and height sum up in terms of granite and groaning firs the ultimate truth of his being.
Esta subcategoría de apofenia, como se ve, tiene algo que ver con el egocentrismo obsesivo, aparte de con una cierta manía persecutoria o paranoia. Hay, como apuntaba en la Wikipedia, toda una categoría de "literatura paranoica" o de "cine paranoico" que pone a trabajar al servicio de la película la analogía que existe entre un personaje que cree descubrir complots increíbles (que luego pueden ser ciertos o no) y otro personaje que tiene que desentrañar sentidos y complots: el espectador. El espectador apofénico crea conexiones, establece enlaces, historias, causas y efectos, anticipa posibles desarrollos y conclusiones. Como se puede apreciar, todo espectador es un tanto apofénico, todos lo somos en parte en tanto que usuarios de la narración, y víctimas por tanto de la falacia narrativa o hindsight bias que indefectiblemente la acompaña. (1). La narración nos ayuda a conocer la realidad en la que vivimos, pero a la vez también construye esa realidad.
Delirio, verdad. Apofenia, epifanía (2). A veces no sabemos si estamos frente a una o a la otra. Y si estamos seguros de que lo nuestro no es apofenia, cómo convencer a los demás. En la definición de apofenia de la Wikipedia, los "patterns or connections" se ven en datos que se nos presentan, en la omnisciencia presupuesta de la definición, como "random or meaningless". Pero en el conflicto de las interpretaciones, ¿son los datos realmente inconexos y carentes de sentido? He ahí la cuestión. Las narraciones increíbles, falaces o paranoicas son siempre las de los otros, nunca las nuestras.
El relato de Nabokov, "Signs and Symbols", produce su efecto explotando esta tendencia apofénica inherente al lector de textos literarios modernos, y efectúa en cierto modo una desconstrucción de este fenómeno, mostrando cómo la barrera entre la cordura y la razón, el sentido y la carencia de sentido, no puede darse por sentada. Todos experimentamos esa manía referencial, o apofenia, al leer este cuento – y eso nos hace darnos cuenta de que sin establecer conexiones, verdaderas o falsas, entre los acontecimientos, no crearíamos el mundo de sentido en el que habitamos.
(1). http://garciala.blogia.com/2005/102201-en-el-retrovisor.php
(2). http://garciala.blogia.com/2005/101608-mas-baudelaire-y-mas-epifania.php
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