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What's Depressing

jueves 19 de enero de 2012

What's Depressing

Lisa Zunshine was asking the Narrative List about instances of narratives they find depressing, or reasons why they find them depressing.  I might have suggested Beckett (How It Is comes to mind) but I named Cormac McCarthy's The Road and Jonathan Littell's Les Bienveillantes. Others gave other titles, such as Thomas Hardy's novels, Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go, Ian McEwan's On Chesil Beach, Kafka, King Lear, Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment...  Here follow two interesting answers, and my second answer at the end.


Marshall Gregory:

Dear Professor Zunshine,

I think the question you posed below to the Narrative group is quite interesting, and I have been fascinated by the many responses to it, fascinated in part by how quickly the responses devolved into "like this" or "don't like this" evaluations of the sort we generally deplore from our undergraduates, and how few responses, if any, gave you the kinds of data that would help you answer your question of whether there is any general principle of psychological or ethical response to literary representations that would be predictably depressing, not just ad hoc depressing for this or that individual.

I also think it interesting that no one referred to Matthew Arnold's notion in "Preface to Poetry" that there is indeed a recognizable principle of depression. He is quite clear about the nature of the principle.

"What then are the situations from the representations of which, though accurate, no poetical enjoyment can be derived? They are those in which the suffering finds no vent in action; in which a continuous state of mental distress is prolonged, unrelieved by incident, hope, or resistance; in which there is everything to be endured, nothing to be done. In such situations there is inevitably something morbid, in the description of them something monotonous. When they occur in actual life, they are painful, not tragic; the representation of them in poetry is painful also."

 
Luz lejanaThis sounds like a perfect account, to me, of why so many of your respondents find this literary representation, or another one, "depressing."

Of course, Arnold goes on to make a point about this issue that is primarily ethical, not psychological. The persistent ingestion of literary representations that are depressing in the sense that he defines, he says, is not good for us as moral and ethical agents in the world. It undermines our willingness to believe and act as if the things we believe and the things we do really matter. This kind of depression, a kind of depression that Arnold assumes we can "catch" from literature, like catching a cold, cheapens life and forestalls effective human effort.

I am interested in ethical criticism myself. I don't know if you have seen my 2009 book from the U. of Notre Dame P Shaped By Stories: The Ethical Power of Narratives in the context of which I don't give Arnold much credit for being a really good ethical critic, but it does seem to me that on this narrower psychological issue of which stories people find depressing (and especially on the issue of why,) Arnold is spot on.

Much later in the semester (in my Literary Criticism class), my students will be reading your "Why Do We Read Fiction?", so thank you for this fine piece. I'll attach my latest piece on ethical criticism that appeared last fall in The Journal of Literary Theory.




H. Porter Abbott:

A few more thoughts, Lisa. One is that we may be the wrong group to ask. We are as a group inclined and trained to move smoothly into the analytical mode, which is a way of displacing depression with 1) something interesting to occupy the mind (ftnt: a common characteristic of clinical depression is the way it sucks all the interest out of things) and 2) a sense of power over the text (re: Allison's comment on powerlessness).

Another is that I don't think you will get a thematic answer to your question -- witness the variety of responses so far, sometimes regarding the same text.

And finally, my hunch is that what counts is the success with which the narrative counterbalances its depressing content *for a particular reader.* I think something like this chemistry, as it works out in the mind of any particular reader, is what releases that reader from the depressing content. This counterbalancing can be affected by any number of things: management of the plot, the comparative grace of language, how the material is focalized, a sense of striking originality, catharsis. Depends on who you are and how you read/view. It depends even on how much counterbalancing you need. Some depressive types are half in love with sinking into a swamp of the irremediably, irredeemably depressing.
 

Whatever, this gets us away from personal votes (e.g., "This book really depresses me" -- "What? I found it wonderful!" etc.). So, in my own case, for one example, feel-good stories generally depress me. Why? Because they're not convincing. I don't buy the end of Crime and Punishment. On the other hand, Kafka's The Trial is a great treat, but because the irremediable/irredeemable is counterbalanced by a feeling of awe for the book's originality. Stewart O'Nan's Songs for the Missing takes the worst thing that can happen to a parent and for many his treatment performs the counterbalancing magic. Not for me. On the other hand, Laura Lippman's I'd Know You Anywhere devastates others but succeeds for me. The point here is not my votes on these texts, but what makes me, and those unlike me, vote in the different ways we do.



 J. A. García Landa:

Then there's the particular context or frame (interactional, critical) in which the text is being discussed or considered. Looking at a black canvas with a glimmer of light, some people will turn their attention to the predominant black, which is justifiable, while others will take that for granted (both as a matter of fact and as a point already made) and will inevitably point to the glimmering light as striking the most significant note in the picture. There's no way the issue can be completely de-contextualized, least of all in this kind of context, with theorists lurking behind the screens. There are a number of frameworks in anthropological criticism to describe what is "depressing" in general terms—from Northrop Frye's autumn and winter cycles to contemporary analyses of aesthetics from evolutionary and sociobiological viewpoints. But then the context varies, and the frame, and the frame is more important than the picture. If you're looking for the general anthropological structures, go by all means to Northrop Frye's demonic imagery, or Jung, or Gilbert Durand's Anthropological Structures of the Imaginary. But the modulation added by any particular response has to be studied in context, and it's individual by definition, not even the reader's but individual in the sense of the interactional event.



____




PS, on Samuel Beckett's pessimism, "The Dark Is in Reality My Most Precious Ally." http://www.superfluitiesredux.com/2011/12/13/the-dark-is-in-reality-my-most-precious-ally/



 

Teoría interaccionalista del significado


Vida secreta de los libros

Los libros se leen unos a otros a nuestras espaldas, eso sí es cierto. Aunque de hecho necesiten a gente para hacerlo.


A MacGuffin of Ultimate Scale

miércoles 28 de diciembre de 2011

A MacGuffin of Ultimate Scale


En los agradecimientos de Zero History, la que debe ser la penúltima novela de William Gibson (la última aún no la tengo), agradece a Larry Lunn el proporcionarle el macguffin de los macguffins, "Larry Lunn gave me the order flow, when asked for a macguffin of ultimate scale. I don't know anyone else who could have". En su entrevista de la Paris Review, cuando le preguntaban por Neuromante, decía Gibson que necesitaba construir las experiencias y percepciones de los personajes en torno a un argumento de acción, un thriller. Lo interesante son las experiencias y su modo de describirlas, el lenguaje que se hace necesario—pero el argumento en sí, el objeto de deseo que se persigue, es una percha convencional en la que colgarlas. Sin embargo, tiene su cualidad propia y su interés—enNeuromante ya era información lo que se buscaba, y en Idoru, con sus minas de datos y sus figuras que emergen en medio del ruido—enPattern Recognition también, y aquí en Zero History aparece el order flow, como una variante más de la información útil que sólo algunos saben extraer, y que les da poder. Aquí repetimos casting con Spook CountryHollis, Milgrim y Bigend; es una vez más Hubertus Bigend quien busca controlar la información, y las modas, y las inversiones. Y Bobby Chombo, el analista de datos, es quien descubre (aparte de Larry Lunn) el order flow—hacia dónde se mueven los deseos del mercado, o mejor dicho, hacia dónde se van a mover, porque con esa predicción se tiene topsight sobre la masa, y se pueden mover acciones en Internet a la velocidad del rayo, "Compra. Vende". En una escena final se explica este macguffin que ha tenido a los personajes twitteando y tecleando iPhones, disfrazándose y cambiando de bando, corriendo de aquí para allá en moto, en silla segway, en todoterreno blindado, en ekranoplano, en traje de ardilla voladora o en pingüino drone, buscando controlar la info, sin saber lo que buscaban siquiera. Hablan, hacia el final de la novela, el antihéroe Milgrim y el antivillano Bigend.

"It's the order flow, isn't it?" Milgrim had had no intent to ask this at all. Hadn't been thinking of it. Yet it had emerged. His therapist had told him that ideas, in human relations, had lives of their own. Were in a sense autonomous.
"Of course."
"That's what Chombo was doing. Finding the order flow."
"He found it a week before they kidnapped him, but his work, to that point would have been useless. Without him, I mean."
"And the market, the whole thing, it's no longer real? Because you know the future?"
"It's a very tiny slice of the future. The merest paring. Minutes."
"How many?"
Bigend had glanced around the empty lounge. "Seventeen, presently."
"Is that enough?"
"Seven would have been entirely adequate. Seven seconds, in most cases."

Los protas hallan el amor y se emparejan. La novela va, aparte de eso, de marcas secretas, otro macguffin informacional-conceptual, un poco la moda como negación de la moda misma. Como uno de esos secretos que están a la vista pero que nadie puede reconocer si no tiene la información.  El concepto es interesante, un argumento de espionaje industrial, aunque se me hace a mí demasiado diseño y demasiada moda; ha vuelto aquí Gibson a sus comienzos cuando le encantaban de estudiante las revistas de modas. He aquí otra conversación sobre el mercado y el flujo de órdenes, entre Milgrim y Cayce, digo, Hollis:

"But what is it?"
"It's the aggregate of all the orders in the market. Everything anyone is about to buy or sell, all of it. Stocks, bonds, gold, anything. If I understood him, that information exists, at any given time, but there's no aggregator. It exists, constantly but is unknowable. If someone were able to aggregate that, the market would cease to be real."
"Why?" (...)
"Because the market is the inability to aggregate the order flow at any given moment."

Es decir, el mercado es información, o más bien, información parcial, en última instancia, carencia de información. El codiciado flujo de órdenes es un concepto metafísico, hasta cierto punto, es el topsight total, un sueño o criatura mitológica de la información. Aunque exista en avatares locales o encarnaciones parciales. Bigend, inquietante controlador, busca controlar el mercado controlando el futuro. Dentro de un orden, pues también le hace una modesta reverencia a la contingencia que todo lo rige.  Es curioso que aquí son los poco atractivos Bigend y Bobby Chombo quienes se acercan más al topsight total. Ya son hackers sin glamour. Los buenos son ahora los relativamente desinformados, como Hollis o Milgrim, o como nosotros; los espectadores de la lucha por la información.

Por supuesto, el argumento trabaja, como todo argumento, enfrentando distintos niveles de información, planes, contraplanes, estrategias y contraestrategias; en ese sentido, como en cualquier otro argumento, la noción de topsight y de información es básica. Por tanto todo el desarrollo del argumento guarda cierta relación con el objeto de deseo, macguffin o excusa argumental—y es eso lo que permite decir que el macguffin del flujo de órdenes no tiene aquí una función únicamente constructiva, sino también, en cierta medida, reflexiva. No completamente lograda, pues no es el flujo de órdenes detectado por Chombo el que vemos actualizarse en el argumento, sino las estrategias informativas parciales de personajes menos informados; el Order Flow como tal es un objeto más nombrado que visto en la novela. Como corresponde a todo objeto mítico, claro.

 

N. Katherine Hayles on Digital Humanities

N. Katherine Hayles on digital humanities

A video at the Autonomy-Singularity-Creativity Conference.

Y aquí la perspectiva de Stanley Fish, la MLA invadida por humanidades digitales. La post-theory Redemption.

Joe Carroll at ASC

"We don’t have the option of living outside our imagination." Una conferencia de Joseph Carroll en el congreso sobre Autonomy-Singularity-Creativity, defendiendo la relevancia el enfoque darwinista y sociobiológico sobre las humanidades y sobre la crítica cultural:


JOE CARROLL AT ASC

 
Y aquí la introducción a su último libro, Reading Human Nature: Literary Darwinism in Theory and Practice  (2011), en su sitio web.



Evolution and Literary Criticism




Memoir fiction

Defoe publicaba sus novelas como si fuesen autobiografías reales de los personajes, alegando en el prólogo del "editor" que, lo fuesen o no, tanto daba: la moraleja servía igual, la historia entretenía lo mismo. Una perspectiva más inquietante sobre esa idea aparece en Los enamoramientos, de Javier Marías:

"'Es una novela, y lo que ocurre en ellas da lo mismo y se olvida, una vez terminadas.' Quizá pensaba que con los hechos reales no sucedía así, con los de nuestra vida. Probablemente sea cierto para el que los vive, pero no para los demás. Todo se convierte en relato y acaba flotando en la misma esfera, y apenas se diferencia entonces lo acontecido de lo inventado. Todo termina por ser narrativo y por tanto por sonar igual, ficticio aunque sea verdad." (331) 
 


Efectos retroactivos de la muerte atroz


Most important books of the 20th century

Most important books of the 20th century

Una lista improvisada de obras influyentes, sugerida por gente en la Narrative-List, referida a libros de pensamiento, ensayo, no ficción... Discutible como todas (no sé qué pinta ahí Marx, o por qué no está Goffman), pero me llama la atención sobre todo la falta de corrección política / cuota de sexo. Diez hombres por mujer. Señoras, hay que ponerse las pilas.


Author          Title                                                           Frequency  of Nomination                    
           
Adams            The Education of Henry Adams                   
Agee             Let Us Now Praise Famous Men                                        2               
Arendt             Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil               
Arendt             The Origins of Totalitarianism           
Auerbach         Mimesis                           
Berger/Luckmann     The Social Construction of Reality                       
Brittain             Testament of Youth                           
Brown, Dee        Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee                       
Brown, Norman        Life Against Death:  The Psychoanalytic Meaning of History           
Buckley         Man and God at Yale                           
Buford             Among the Thugs                           
Butterfield         All God's Children: The Bosket Family and the American Tradition of Violence   
Camus             The Myth of Sisyphus                           
Carson             Silent Spring                           
Cavell             The Claim of Reason                           
Chatwin         Songlines                           
Chomsky         Language and the Study of Mind                       
Dawkins         The Blind Watchmaker                           
Dawkins         The Extended Phenotype                           
de Beauvoir         The Second Sex                                            2               
Debord             Society of the Spectacle                           
Dennett         Freedom Evolves                           
Derrida             Of Grammatology                                            2                   
Empson         Seven Types of Ambiguity                           
Fanon             The Wretched of the Earch                           
Feldenkrais         Embodied Wisdom: The Collected Papers of Moshe Feldenkrais           
Foucault         Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Prison            2           
Foucault         History of Sexuality                           
Frank,  Anne        Diary       
Freeman        How Brains Make up Their Minds       
Freud             Beyond the Pleasure Principle                           
Freud             Civilization and its Discontents                              
Freud             The Interpretation of Dreams                                3       
Friedan             The Feminine Mystique                           
Gandhi             Hind Swaraj                                                        2               
Gombrich         Art and Illusion                           
Gould             The Mismeasure of Man                           
Gutíerrez         A Theology of Liberation                           
Hawking         A Brief History of Time                           
Hayek             The Road to Serfdom                           
Heidegger         Being and Time                                                2               
Hitler             Mein Kampf                                                            2               
Hofstadter         Gödel, Escher, Bach                           
Horkheimer/Adorno     Dialectic of Enlightment                            2               
Howe             The Birthmark: Unsettling the Wilderness in American Literary History       
Jung             Psychology of the Unconscious                           
Keynes             The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money    3       
Kinsey            Sexual Behavior in the Human Male                       
Kuhn             The Structure of Scientific Revolutions                        3               
Lakoff             Women, Fire and Dangerous Things                       
Leggett             Ross and Tom: Two American Tragedies                   
Lenin             What is to be Done?                           
Levi             Survival in Auschwitz                           
Levi-Strauss         The Elementary Structures of Kinship                       
Luhmann         Social Systems                           
Lyotard         The Postmodern Condition                           
Malcolm X           The Autobiography                            
Mao             Quotations from Chairman  Mao                                2               
Marx             The Communist Manifesto                        
McLuhan         Understanding Media                           
Mead             Coming of Age in Somoa                           
Nabokov         Speak, Memory                           
Ogden/Richards        The Meaning of Meaning                       
Riis             How the Other Half Lives                           
Rorty             Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature                       
Saussure         Course in General Linguistics                                    3               
Solzhenitsyn         The Gulag Archipelago   
Tarbell             History of Standard Oil Company
Vygotsky         Thought and Language                           
Watson         Behaviorism                           
West             Black Lamb and Grey Flacon                           
Whitehead/Russell     Principia Mathematica                           
Wiesel             Night                                                                    2                   
Williams         The Alchemy of Race and Rights                       
Wilson             To the Finland Station                           
Wittgenstein         Philosophical Investigations                                2                   
Woolf             A Writer's Diary                           
Zizek             The Ticklish Subject                           



Por aclamación, ganan Freud, Keynes, Saussure y Kuhn.

Torbellinos de información
 


Stage of Mischiefs

lunes 12 de diciembre de 2011

Stage of Mischiefs

Un poema de Katherine Philips, "la sin par Orinda", poetisa metafísica de mediados del siglo XVII. Una escéptica, con el mundo y con la vida y con el hombre. En genérico.


            The World
sleep 

WE falsely think it due unto our friends,
That we should grieve for their untimely ends.
He that surveys the world with serious eyes,
And strips her from her gross and weak disguise,
Shall find 'tis injury to mourn their fate;
He only dies untimely who dies late.
 

For if 'twere told to children in the womb,
To what a stage of mischiefs they must come;
Could they foresee with how much toil and sweat
Men count that gilded nothing, being great;
What pains they take not to be what they seem,
Rating their bliss by others' false esteem,
And sacrificing their content, to be
Guilty of grave and serious vanity;
How each condition hath its proper thorns,
And what one man admits, another scorns;
How frequently their happiness they miss,
So far even from agreeing what it is,
That the same person we can hardly find,
Who is an hour together in one mind:
Sure they would beg a period of their breath,
And what we call their birth would count their death.
Mankind is mad; for none can live alone,
Because their joys stand by comparison:
And yet they quarrel at society,
And strive to kill they know not whom, nor why.
We all live by mistake, delight in dreams,
Lost to ourselves, and dwelling in extremes;
Rejecting what we have, though ne'er so good,
And prizing what we never understood.
Compar'd t' our boisterous inconstancy
Tempests are calm, and Discords harmony.
Hence we reverse the World, and yet do find
The God that made can hardly please our mind.
We live by chance and slip into events;
Have all of beasts except their innocence.
The soul, which no man's pow'r can reach, a thing
That makes each woman man, each man a King,
Doth so much lose, and from its height so fall,
That some contend to have no soul at all.
'Tis either not observ'd, or at the best
By Passion fought withal, by Sin deprest.
Freedom of Will (God's Image) is forgot;
And if we know it, we improve it not.
Our thoughts, though nothing can be more our own,
Are still unguided, very seldom known.
Time 'scapes our hands as water in a sieve,
We come to die ere we begin to live.
Truth, the most suitable and noble prize,
Food of our spirits, yet neglected lies.
Error and shadows are our choice, and we
Owe our perdition to our own decree.
If we search Truth, we make it more obscure,
And when it shines, cannot the light endure,
For most men now, who plod, and eat, and drink,
Have nothing less their bus'ness than to think.
And those few that inquire, how small a share
Of Truth they find, how dark their notions are!
That serious evenness that calms the breast,
And in a tempest can bestow a rest,
We either not attempt, or else decline,
By ev'ry trifle snatch'd from our design.
(Others he must in his deceits involve,
Who is not true unto his own resolve.)
We govern not ourselves, but loose the reins,
Counting our bondage to a thousand chains;
And with as many slaveries, content
As there are tyrants ready to torment,
We live upon a rack extended still
To one extreme or both, but always ill.
For since our fortune is not understood,
We suffer less from bad than from the good.
The sting is better dress'd and longer lasts,
As surfeits are more dangerous than fasts.
And to complete the misery to us,
We see extremes are still contiguous.
And as we run so fast from what we hate,
Like squibs on ropes, to know no middle state;
So outward storms strengthen'd by us, we find
Our Fortune as disordered as our mind.
But that's excus'd by this, it doth its part;
A treach'rous World befits a treach'rous heart.
All ill's our own, the outward storms we loath
Receive from us their birth, their sting, or both.
And that our Vanity be past a doubt,
'Tis one new vanity to find it out.
Happy are they to whom God gives a grave,
And from themselves as from His wrath doth save.
'Tis good not to be born; but if we must,
The next good is, soon to return to dust,
When th' uncag'd soul fled to Eternity
Shall rest, and live, and sing, and love, and see.
Here we but crawl and grovel, play and cry;
Are first our own, then others' enemy:
But there shall be defac'd both stain and score,
For Time, and Death, and Sin shall be no more.

Sarah Egerton, "La emulación"